RMR vs MOS units the stage for understanding the nuances of metabolic operate. This exploration delves into Resting Metabolic Charge (RMR) and Metabolic Oxygen Consumption (MOS), illuminating their relationship, measurement strategies, and purposes. From fundamental definitions to medical implications, this complete overview supplies a transparent image of those essential metabolic parameters.
The elemental distinction between RMR and MOS lies of their focus. RMR quantifies the power expenditure at relaxation, whereas MOS particularly measures the oxygen consumed throughout this resting state. Understanding these distinctions is essential to comprehending how components like age, intercourse, and physique composition impression power wants and oxygen consumption.
Introduction to RMR and MOS
Understanding your physique’s power wants is essential to reaching your health objectives. Resting Metabolic Charge (RMR) and Metabolic Oxygen Consumption (MOS) are two essential metrics that present perception into this. These measurements assist decide how a lot power your physique burns at relaxation and the way a lot oxygen it consumes throughout this state. Figuring out these values is usually a highly effective software in designing customized health and vitamin plans.RMR and MOS are intently associated, reflecting the physique’s basic metabolic processes.
A better RMR usually corresponds to the next MOS, because the physique wants extra oxygen to gas its processes. These components play a significant position in weight administration, athletic efficiency, and total well being.
Defining RMR and MOS
Resting Metabolic Charge (RMR) is the speed at which your physique burns energy whereas at relaxation. It represents the minimal power expenditure wanted to maintain your important features working, resembling respiratory, circulation, and sustaining physique temperature. MOS, or Metabolic Oxygen Consumption, is the quantity of oxygen your physique makes use of throughout relaxation. This oxygen is essential for the chemical reactions that generate power inside your cells.
Each RMR and MOS are basic measures of your physique’s power steadiness and are instrumental in understanding your metabolic well being.
Relationship Between RMR and MOS
The connection between RMR and MOS is intrinsically linked. As talked about, RMR is a measure of power expenditure, whereas MOS quantifies the oxygen consumption required to gas these processes. A direct correlation exists; larger RMR often interprets to the next MOS, because the physique wants extra oxygen to maintain the elevated power calls for. This correlation is prime in understanding how your physique features and makes use of power.
Items of Measurement
RMR is often measured in energy per day (kcal/day), reflecting the whole each day power expenditure at relaxation. MOS, however, is expressed in milliliters of oxygen consumed per kilogram of physique weight per minute (mL O 2/kg/min). This unit signifies the speed of oxygen consumption relative to your physique measurement.
Comparability of RMR and MOS
| Attribute | RMR | MOS |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | The speed at which the physique burns energy at relaxation. | The quantity of oxygen consumed by the physique at relaxation. |
| Items | kcal/day | mL O2/kg/min |
| Measurement Methodology | Oblique calorimetry (measuring expired gases) or prediction equations primarily based on components like age, intercourse, and weight. | Oblique calorimetry (measuring expired gases) |
Elements Affecting RMR and MOS: Rmr Vs Mos
Understanding Basal Metabolic Charge (BMR) and Metabolic Working System (MOS) is essential for customized wellness methods. These components play a pivotal position in figuring out how effectively our our bodies operate, impacting every thing from weight administration to athletic efficiency. The interaction between varied components considerably shapes these metrics, highlighting the intricate nature of human physiology.Metabolic processes are influenced by a fancy interaction of genetic predispositions, environmental components, and way of life decisions.
This multifaceted relationship requires cautious consideration when assessing particular person wants and tailoring interventions. Elements like age, intercourse, and physique composition are important contributors, usually working in tandem to impression each RMR and MOS.
Elements Influencing RMR
A large number of things contribute to Basal Metabolic Charge (BMR), the power expenditure of the physique at relaxation. Understanding these influences is crucial for customized well being methods. A better RMR usually interprets to the next calorie burn at relaxation, which is important for sustaining a wholesome weight and total well-being. Genetic predisposition, age, and intercourse are outstanding influences, and infrequently, physique composition performs an important position.
- Age: Metabolic charge tends to say no with advancing age, on account of diminished muscle mass and hormonal shifts. That is usually seen within the aged, as muscle mass decreases with age, impacting their each day calorie wants.
- Intercourse: Males sometimes have the next RMR than ladies, primarily on account of variations in muscle mass and hormonal profiles. It is a key issue to contemplate when tailoring dietary and train plans for people of various sexes.
- Physique Composition: Muscle tissue burns extra energy than fats tissue. People with larger muscle mass usually have the next RMR. It is a basic idea in weight administration methods, as constructing muscle can considerably enhance resting power expenditure.
- Hormonal Elements: Thyroid hormones, for instance, instantly impression metabolic charge. Disruptions in these hormonal balances can affect RMR.
- Well being Situations: Sure medical situations can impression RMR. As an example, power diseases or hyperthyroidism can considerably have an effect on metabolic charge.
Elements Influencing MOS
The Metabolic Working System (MOS) refers back to the physique’s total effectivity in managing metabolic processes. This encompasses every thing from nutrient utilization to power manufacturing and storage. MOS is intently tied to RMR and influenced by the identical components.
- Genetics: Genetic predisposition performs an important position in metabolic pathways and the way the physique processes vitamins. This has a major impression on MOS effectivity.
- Food regimen: The standard and amount of meals consumed considerably impression metabolic processes. A balanced eating regimen with enough vitamins helps a wholesome MOS.
- Bodily Exercise: Common train boosts MOS effectivity by enhancing muscle operate and supporting mobile processes.
- Stress Ranges: Power stress can negatively impression MOS by disrupting hormonal steadiness and metabolic regulation. Stress administration strategies are important for a wholesome MOS.
- Sleep High quality: Enough sleep is essential for metabolic operate. Poor sleep high quality can impair the physique’s capability to manage metabolism.
Interplay Between Elements
The components influencing RMR and MOS work together in advanced methods. As an example, a decline in muscle mass related to getting old instantly impacts each RMR and MOS. Equally, dietary decisions impression each the effectivity of metabolic processes and the quantity of power expended at relaxation. A balanced strategy contemplating all components is crucial for optimum well being and well-being.
Desk: Elements and Their Impacts on RMR and MOS
| Issue | Impression on RMR | Impression on MOS |
|---|---|---|
| Age | Decreases with age, primarily on account of diminished muscle mass. | Can have an effect on effectivity of metabolic processes, impacting total metabolic functioning. |
| Intercourse | Males usually have larger RMR on account of better muscle mass. | Variations in hormonal profiles could have an effect on metabolic effectivity. |
| Physique Composition | Greater muscle mass equates to larger RMR. | Muscular tissues are metabolically energetic tissues, influencing the physique’s total metabolic effectivity. |
Measurement Strategies for RMR and MOS
Unveiling the secrets and techniques of metabolic charge and temper state requires exact measurement. Totally different strategies provide various levels of accuracy and practicality, every with its personal set of benefits and drawbacks. Understanding these strategies is essential to decoding the outcomes and drawing significant conclusions.A radical exploration of those strategies, starting from the classical to the trendy, will assist us navigate the complexities of quantifying these important features of human well being and well-being.
This detailed take a look at the practicalities of measuring RMR and MOS will present a strong framework for future analysis and purposes.
Frequent Strategies for Measuring RMR
Totally different strategies exist for measuring resting metabolic charge (RMR), every with its personal set of strengths and weaknesses. The selection of technique is determined by the sources obtainable, the extent of accuracy required, and the particular analysis query. Oblique calorimetry, a broadly used strategy, supplies a non-invasive and comparatively inexpensive technique to estimate RMR.
- Oblique Calorimetry: This technique measures the quantity of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced by the physique. Subtle gear, resembling metabolic carts, calculates RMR primarily based on these fuel trade charges. It is a generally used method on account of its relative ease of use and the truth that it does not require direct contact with the physique. This technique is broadly accepted in medical and analysis settings.
Nevertheless, the accuracy may be affected by components such because the participant’s respiratory patterns and the calibration of the gear. The price of the gear may also be a consideration.
- Direct Calorimetry: This method instantly measures the warmth produced by the physique. A sealed chamber, or calorimeter, is used to entice and measure the warmth launched. Whereas this technique affords the very best degree of accuracy, it is usually thought-about extra advanced and costly than oblique calorimetry. It requires specialised gear and infrequently has a better impression on the participant’s setting.
Numerous Strategies for Assessing MOS
Quite a few strategies can be found for evaluating temper state (MOS), every with its personal set of strengths and limitations. The number of the suitable technique is determined by the analysis objectives and the specified degree of element.
- Self-Report Questionnaires: These questionnaires usually make the most of standardized scales, such because the Profile of Temper States (POMS), to evaluate varied temper dimensions. They’re comparatively straightforward to manage and supply a fast snapshot of temper. Nevertheless, the accuracy of self-report information may be affected by components like social desirability bias, reminiscence points, and the participant’s interpretation of the questions.
These components needs to be fastidiously thought-about when decoding the outcomes.
- Physiological Measures: These measures assess physiological responses, like coronary heart charge variability or pores and skin conductance, which can correlate with emotional states. They supply an goal measure of temper, doubtlessly decreasing bias. Nevertheless, the connection between these physiological responses and temper may be advanced and influenced by different components. They usually require specialised gear and are typically harder to interpret.
Evaluating Accuracy and Precision of Strategies
Oblique calorimetry affords an affordable estimate of RMR, appropriate for a lot of analysis and medical purposes. Nevertheless, direct calorimetry supplies a extra exact measurement, particularly when excessive accuracy is essential. For MOS, self-report questionnaires provide a readily accessible technique to collect information, however physiological measures would possibly yield extra goal outcomes, although with a tradeoff in complexity.
Abstract Desk of Measurement Strategies
| Methodology | Description | Benefits | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oblique Calorimetry | Measures oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide manufacturing to estimate RMR. | Non-invasive, comparatively inexpensive, broadly used. | Accuracy may be affected by components like participant variability and gear calibration. |
| Direct Calorimetry | Straight measures warmth manufacturing to find out RMR. | Highest accuracy. | Complicated, costly, and infrequently impacts participant setting. |
| Self-Report Questionnaires | Use standardized scales to evaluate temper state. | Simple to manage, supplies a fast snapshot. | Affected by social desirability bias, reminiscence points, and participant interpretation. |
| Physiological Measures | Assess physiological responses (e.g., coronary heart charge variability) to deduce temper state. | Goal measure, doubtlessly reduces bias. | Complicated, usually requires specialised gear, relationship between physiological responses and temper may be advanced. |
Functions of RMR and MOS Information
Unlocking the secrets and techniques of resting metabolic charge (RMR) and metabolically-observed stress (MOS) reveals a treasure trove of insights, from optimizing athletic efficiency to understanding the intricate workings of the human physique. These metrics, when fastidiously analyzed, present a singular window into well being, well-being, and potential illness markers. The sensible purposes of RMR and MOS prolong far past the laboratory, influencing essential selections in varied fields.Understanding RMR and MOS is like having a customized roadmap for well being and efficiency.
RMR, a measure of power expenditure at relaxation, acts as a basic baseline, whereas MOS affords a dynamic view of the physique’s response to emphasize. These information factors, when mixed, empower clinicians, researchers, and athletes to achieve a deeper comprehension of particular person wants and potential challenges.
Scientific Functions of RMR Information
RMR performs a pivotal position in medical settings, serving as a beneficial software for dietary evaluation and illness prognosis. In dietary evaluation, RMR helps tailor dietary plans to fulfill particular person caloric wants. That is notably essential for sufferers recovering from surgical procedure, managing power situations, or just attempting to keep up a wholesome weight. By assessing RMR, healthcare professionals can personalize dietary suggestions, guaranteeing sufferers obtain the correct amount of energy for optimum well being.
As an example, a affected person with the next RMR would possibly require extra energy in comparison with one with a decrease RMR, reflecting their distinctive metabolic profile. Moreover, discrepancies between predicted and measured RMR values can sign potential metabolic issues or underlying well being points.
Analysis Functions of MOS Information
In analysis, MOS information is invaluable for investigating the physique’s response to emphasize. Researchers can use MOS to look at the impression of varied stressors on metabolic processes, offering insights into the physiological mechanisms behind stress-related diseases. MOS information permits for a complete evaluation of how the physique adapts to and recovers from numerous stressors, from psychological to environmental.
This analysis contributes to a greater understanding of stress resilience and the event of interventions aimed toward mitigating the destructive results of stress on well being.
Sports activities Efficiency Evaluation
RMR and MOS are rising as key indicators in sports activities efficiency evaluation. By monitoring RMR over time, coaches and athletes can monitor adjustments in physique composition and metabolic effectivity. A lower in RMR would possibly point out a necessity for changes in coaching or vitamin. Moreover, MOS can be utilized to gauge the impression of coaching depth on the physique’s stress response.
Understanding how the physique responds to completely different coaching regimens, via MOS, helps tailor coaching applications for optimum efficiency with out overtraining or inflicting undue stress. This info can information the event of customized coaching plans to maximise athletic potential whereas minimizing the danger of damage.
Various Makes use of of RMR and MOS Information
| Software | Description | Instance |
|---|---|---|
| Dietary Evaluation | RMR information helps decide caloric wants for customized dietary plans. | A affected person with a excessive RMR could require extra energy than a affected person with a decrease RMR. |
| Illness Prognosis | Discrepancies between predicted and measured RMR can point out metabolic issues. MOS information can pinpoint the metabolic results of particular illnesses. | Elevated MOS ranges might sign elevated stress-related irritation, which is a key think about varied illnesses. |
| Sports activities Efficiency Evaluation | RMR and MOS monitor metabolic adjustments throughout coaching and restoration, serving to optimize efficiency. | Monitoring MOS throughout coaching permits athletes to regulate depth to forestall overtraining. |
| Weight Administration | RMR and MOS present a complete understanding of power expenditure and stress response, supporting customized weight reduction methods. | Adjusting dietary consumption and train routines primarily based on RMR and MOS will help sufferers obtain sustainable weight administration. |
| Stress Administration | MOS helps assess the physique’s response to emphasize, enabling the event of stress administration strategies. | Figuring out stressors that considerably impression MOS permits people to develop coping mechanisms and scale back the destructive results of stress. |
Sensible Concerns and Limitations
Navigating the world of resting metabolic charge (RMR) and metabolic oxygen consumption (MOS) measurements requires a eager consciousness of the potential pitfalls. These strategies, whereas highly effective instruments, aren’t with out their limitations. Understanding these features is essential for decoding outcomes precisely and avoiding misinterpretations. This part delves into the potential errors and constraints related to RMR and MOS assessments, equipping you with the data to use these strategies successfully.Precisely assessing metabolic charges depends on exact measurement strategies.
Nevertheless, quite a few components can introduce variability and error. Recognizing these limitations empowers you to make knowledgeable selections and apply these measurements thoughtfully in your analyses. Let’s study among the potential sources of error and the methods to mitigate them.
Potential Errors in Measurements
Understanding the sources of error in RMR and MOS measurements is crucial for dependable interpretation of outcomes. These errors can come up from varied components, together with topic habits and gear malfunctions. Rigorously thought-about error mitigation methods are essential to acquire correct and reliable information.
- Topic Motion: Topics’ involuntary or intentional actions throughout the measurement course of can considerably impression the accuracy of RMR and MOS readings. Even slight shifts in posture or fidgeting can have an effect on the metabolic charge and oxygen consumption, resulting in inaccurate information. For instance, a stressed topic would possibly expertise the next RMR studying than their precise resting state, whereas a topic sustaining an especially nonetheless place would possibly present a decrease studying.
- Environmental Elements: Variations within the surrounding setting, resembling temperature fluctuations or air currents, can impression the accuracy of RMR and MOS measurements. A change in environmental situations can affect metabolic processes and, thus, the noticed metabolic charge and oxygen consumption. Guaranteeing a steady setting with constant temperature and minimal air motion is essential for dependable outcomes.
- Tools Calibration: Inaccurate or outdated gear calibration is a typical supply of error in RMR and MOS measurements. Malfunctioning or improperly calibrated gear can produce inaccurate information, resulting in deceptive conclusions. Common calibration checks are important for sustaining the accuracy of the measurements. Tools needs to be recalibrated periodically, as specified by the producer’s tips, to make sure dependable and exact outcomes.
- Topic Elements: Particular person traits of the topic can affect RMR and MOS measurements. Elements like age, intercourse, physique composition, and even current meals or drugs can impression metabolic charges. Cautious consideration of those subject-specific components and accounting for his or her potential affect is essential to acquire a extra correct illustration of the person’s metabolic profile.
Limitations of RMR and MOS as Diagnostic Instruments
RMR and MOS measurements are beneficial instruments, however they are not an ideal diagnostic resolution. They supply insights into metabolic exercise however do not provide a complete image of total well being or illness. RMR and MOS values alone shouldn’t be used to make definitive diagnoses.
- Correlation with Illness: Whereas elevated or depressed RMR and MOS values can typically point out underlying well being situations, they are not at all times definitive diagnostic markers. Different components and assessments are sometimes wanted to ascertain a correct prognosis.
- Particular person Variability: Metabolic charges fluctuate considerably between people on account of genetic predisposition, way of life decisions, and different components. A selected RMR or MOS worth might not be equally indicative of well being standing in all people. It is essential to contemplate particular person variability when decoding RMR and MOS information.
- Lack of Context: RMR and MOS measurements present a snapshot of metabolic exercise at a selected time. They do not account for long-term tendencies or fluctuations in metabolic operate. Contextual components, resembling current exercise or dietary consumption, have to be thought-about for a extra full understanding.
Significance of Correct Calibration and Upkeep, Rmr vs mos
Common calibration and upkeep are essential for guaranteeing the accuracy and reliability of RMR and MOS measurement gear. Inaccurate or poorly maintained gear can result in important errors, impacting the validity of the outcomes.
- Calibration Frequency: Adhering to the producer’s really helpful calibration schedule is crucial for sustaining accuracy. Calibration frequency could fluctuate relying on the particular gear and its utilization frequency.
- Upkeep Procedures: Correct upkeep procedures needs to be adopted to make sure the gear features optimally. This would possibly contain cleansing, changing elements, and different upkeep actions Artikeld within the gear’s consumer handbook.
- Tools Verification: Repeatedly confirm the gear’s accuracy and performance. This will contain utilizing identified requirements or evaluating outcomes with different validated strategies.
Abstract Desk of Potential Errors and Limitations
| Error Supply | Description | Mitigation Methods |
|---|---|---|
| Topic Motion | Unintentional or intentional shifts in posture or fidgeting throughout measurement. | Guarantee a peaceful and comfy setting for the topic, offering clear directions on sustaining a nonetheless posture. |
| Calibration Points | Inaccurate or outdated gear calibration. | Common calibration checks in line with producer tips, utilizing identified requirements to confirm accuracy. |
| Environmental Elements | Variations in temperature, air currents, or different environmental situations. | Preserve a steady and managed setting throughout measurements, minimizing temperature and air circulate fluctuations. |
| Topic Elements | Particular person traits resembling age, intercourse, physique composition, current meals, or drugs. | Think about these components when decoding outcomes, doubtlessly normalizing information primarily based on these components or performing further management measurements. |
Comparability of RMR and MOS in Totally different Populations
Understanding how resting metabolic charge (RMR) and metabolic oxygen consumption (MOS) fluctuate throughout completely different populations is essential for customized well being methods and athletic efficiency optimization. From optimizing vitamin plans for youngsters to tailoring coaching regimens for athletes, these insights provide beneficial steering.Metabolic charges, whether or not resting or throughout exercise, are influenced by a fancy interaction of things, together with age, intercourse, exercise degree, and physique composition.
This intricate dance dictates how our our bodies burn power, impacting every thing from weight administration to athletic prowess.
Evaluating RMR Values Throughout Age Teams
RMR sometimes declines with age, because the physique’s muscle mass and metabolic exercise lower. Youngsters, with their quickly creating our bodies and excessive exercise ranges, naturally exhibit larger RMRs in comparison with adults. That is largely because of the steady progress and restore processes occurring all through childhood. Older adults usually expertise an extra decline in RMR, impacting their dietary wants and potential for weight administration.
Contrasting MOS Values in Numerous Athletic Populations
Athletes, notably endurance athletes, show larger MOS values in comparison with sedentary people. Coaching regimens considerably affect MOS, rising the physique’s capability to make the most of oxygen throughout train. Elite athletes, who prepare extensively and have optimized their physiological variations, exhibit even better MOS capabilities.
Elements Influencing Variations in RMR and MOS Throughout Populations
A number of key components contribute to variations in RMR and MOS throughout completely different populations. These embrace, however are usually not restricted to, age, gender, physique composition, exercise ranges, and genetic predispositions. Muscle mass performs a essential position, with extra muscle usually correlating with larger metabolic charges. Moreover, hormonal influences can have an effect on metabolic processes in distinct methods throughout varied phases of life.
A Comparative Overview of RMR and MOS Throughout Populations
| Inhabitants | Common RMR (kcal/day) | Common MOS (ml O2/kg/min) |
|---|---|---|
| Youngsters (10-12 years) | 1800-2200 | 35-45 |
| Adults (25-45 years) | 1500-1800 | 30-40 |
| Endurance Athletes (skilled) | 1800-2500 | 45-60 |
| Sedentary Adults (25-45 years) | 1400-1700 | 25-35 |
| Older Adults (65+ years) | 1200-1500 | 20-30 |
Be aware: These are estimated averages and might fluctuate considerably primarily based on particular person components.
RMR and MOS in Illness States
Understanding how Resting Metabolic Charge (RMR) and Metabolically-Noticed Signs (MOS) shift in varied illnesses is essential for prognosis, remedy, and customized care. These measures aren’t simply summary numbers; they supply beneficial insights into the physique’s practical state, serving to clinicians tailor interventions to particular person wants.Adjustments in RMR and MOS usually mirror underlying physiological alterations associated to illness processes. These alterations may be delicate, requiring cautious monitoring and evaluation.
This understanding is essential to tailoring interventions and predicting remedy responses.
Results of Weight problems on RMR and MOS
Weight problems considerably impacts each RMR and MOS. Elevated physique mass, notably adipose tissue, elevates RMR because of the power expenditure required to keep up this additional tissue. Nevertheless, this elevated RMR is not essentially indicative of a wholesome metabolic state. Concurrently, MOS can manifest as fatigue, sleep apnea, and diminished bodily exercise tolerance. These signs contribute to a decreased high quality of life.
The advanced interaction of things related to weight problems underscores the necessity for complete evaluation.
Results of Hyperthyroidism on RMR and MOS
Hyperthyroidism, characterised by an overactive thyroid gland, dramatically will increase RMR. The heightened metabolic charge stems from the thyroid hormones’ stimulatory impact on quite a few bodily processes. Sufferers usually expertise a variety of MOS, together with nervousness, palpitations, and tremors. These signs instantly mirror the accelerated metabolic exercise. The elevated RMR and diverse MOS necessitate cautious administration to forestall issues.
Results of Hypothyroidism on RMR and MOS
Conversely, hypothyroidism, a situation of underactive thyroid operate, leads to a decreased RMR. The diminished metabolic charge is instantly tied to the diminished thyroid hormone manufacturing. Consequently, sufferers usually expertise MOS like fatigue, chilly intolerance, and weight acquire. The interaction between diminished RMR and these MOS highlights the significance of correct prognosis and focused remedy.
Results of Diabetes on RMR and MOS
Diabetes mellitus, characterised by impaired glucose regulation, can have an effect on RMR and MOS in a number of methods. The illness’s impression on insulin sensitivity can affect RMR, doubtlessly resulting in both elevated or diminished values relying on the particular sort and stage of the situation. The impression on MOS is multifaceted, together with elevated thirst, frequent urination, and chronic fatigue. The correlation between particular diabetes varieties and RMR/MOS patterns warrants additional analysis.
Results of Most cancers on RMR and MOS
Most cancers’s impact on RMR and MOS is advanced and varies relying on the particular sort of most cancers and its stage. The metabolic calls for of tumor progress usually result in an elevated RMR, however this may also be influenced by remedies like chemotherapy. MOS can embody fatigue, nausea, ache, and adjustments in urge for food, impacting high quality of life. Understanding these dynamic relationships is important for managing most cancers sufferers successfully.
Relationship Between Illness States and RMR/MOS
| Illness | Impact on RMR | Impact on MOS |
|---|---|---|
| Weight problems | Elevated, however not essentially wholesome | Fatigue, sleep apnea, diminished exercise tolerance |
| Hyperthyroidism | Elevated | Anxiousness, palpitations, tremors |
| Hypothyroidism | Lowered | Fatigue, chilly intolerance, weight acquire |
| Diabetes | Doubtlessly elevated or diminished | Elevated thirst, frequent urination, fatigue |
| Most cancers | Doubtlessly elevated or diminished, influenced by remedy | Fatigue, nausea, ache, urge for food adjustments |
